BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Technology transfer

The process of transferring discoveries made by basic research institutions, such as universities and government laboratories, to the commercial sector for development into useful products and services.

Template

A molecule that serves as the pattern for synthesizing another molecule.

Terminator

Sequence of DNA bases that tells the RNA polymerase to stop synthesizing RNA.

Tertiary structure

The total three-dimensional shape of a protein that is essential to protein function.

Therapeutics

Compounds that are used to treat specific diseases or medical conditions.

Thymus

A lymphoid organ in the lower neck, the proper functioning of which in early life is necessary for development of the immune system.

Tissue culture

In vitro growth in nutrient medium of cells isolated from tissue.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A protein produced in small amounts in the body that aids in dissolving blood clots.

T lymphocytes (T-cells)

White blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus. They are important in the body's defense against certain bacteria and fungi, help B lymphocytes make antibodies and help in the recognition and rejection of foreign tissues. T lymphocytes may also be important in the body's defense against cancers.

Toxin

A poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms or plants.

Transcription

Synthesis of messenger (or any other) RNA on a DNA template.

Transdifferentiation

The process whereby a specialized cell de-differentiates and re-differentiates into a different cell type; or the process whereby an adult stem cell from a specific tissue type becomes a cell type from a very different tissue (for example a nerve stem cell differentiates into a kidney cell).

Transduction

Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus or phage vector.

Transfection

Infection of a cell with nucleic acid from a virus, resulting in replication of the complete virus.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA molecules that carry amino acids to sites on ribosomes where proteins are synthesized.

Transformation

Change in the genetic structure of an organism by the incorporation of foreign DNA.

Transgenic organism

An organism formed by the insertion of foreign genetic material into the germ line cells of organisms. Recombinant DNA techniques are commonly used to produce transgenic organisms.

Translation

Process by which the information on a messenger RNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a protein.

Transposon

A segment of DNA that can move around and be inserted at several sites in bacterial DNA or in a phage, thus alerting the host's DNA.

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)

Rare proteins of the immune system that appear to destroy some types of tumor cells without affecting healthy cells.

               

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