BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Scale-up

Transition from small-scale production to production of large industrial quantities.

Selective medium

Nutrient material constituted such that it will support the growth of specific organisms while inhibiting the growth of others.

Sepsis

The presence in the blood or other tissues of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins; the condition associated with such presence.

Sequencing

Decoding a strand of DNA or gene into the specific order of its nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. This analysis can be done manually or with automated equipment. Sequencing a gene requires analyzing an average of 40,000 nucleotides.

Serology

Study of blood serum and reactions between the antibodies and antigens therein.

Single-cell protein

Cells or protein extracts from microorganisms, grown in large quantities for use as protein supplements.

Somatic cells

Cells other than sex or germ cells.

Somatic cell gene therapy

Somatic cell gene therapy involves the insertion of genes into cells for therapeutic purposes; for example, to induce the treated cells to produce a protein that the body is missing. It does not affect genetic makeup of a patient's offspring and generally does not change all, or even most, cells in the recipient. Somatic cell gene therapy is only one way of applying the science of genomics to improve health care.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

The transfer of a nucleus from a fully differentiated cell into an egg that has had its nucleus removed.

Splicing

The removal of introns and joining of exons to form a continuous coding sequence in RNA.

Stop codon

One of three codons in messenger RNA that signal the end of the amino acid chain in protein synthesis.

Structural gene

A gene that codes for a protein, such as an enzyme.

Substrate

Material acted on by an enzyme.

Suicide gene

A gene that codes for an antibiotic that can kill the host bacterial cell. It is genetically modified into the bacterium along with a molecular switch that is controlled by a nutrient in the environment. When the nutrient disappears, the suicide gene is switched on and the bacterium dies.

Suppressor gene

A gene that can reverse the effect of a mutation in other genes.

Systems biology

A hypothesis-driven field of research that creates predictive mathematical models of complex biological processes or organ systems.

               

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