BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

A test combining radioisotopes and immunology to detect trace substances. Such tests are useful for studying antibody interactions with cell receptors, and can be developed into clinical diagnostics.

Rational drug design

Using the known three-dimensional structure of a molecule, usually a protein, to design a drug molecule that will bind to it. Usually viewed as an alternative to drug discovery through screening many molecules for biological activity.

Reagent

Substance used in a chemical reaction.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

The DNA formed by combining segments of DNA from two different sources.

Regeneration

Laboratory technique for forming a new plant from a clump of plant cells.

Regulatory gene

A gene that acts to control the protein-synthesizing activity of other genes.

Replication

Reproduction or duplication, as of an exact copy of a strand of DNA.

Replicon

A segment of DNA (e.g., chromosome or plasmid) that can replicate independently.

Repressor

A protein that binds to an operator adjacent to a structural gene, inhibiting transcription of that gene.

Restriction enzyme

An enzyme that breaks DNA in highly specific locations, creating gaps into which new genes can be inserted.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

The variation in the length of DNA fragments produced by a restriction endonuclease that cuts at a polymorphic locus. This is a key tool in DNA fingerprinting and is based on the presence of different alleles in an individual. RFLP mapping is also used in plant breeding to see if a key trait such as disease resistance is inherited.

Reticuloendothelial system

The system of macrophages, which serves as an important defense system against disease.

Retrovirus

A virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This enzyme converts the viral RNA into DNA, which can combine with the DNA of the host cell and produce more viral particles.

Rheology

Study of the flow of matter such as fermentation liquids.

Rhizobium

A class of microorganisms that converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can utilize for growth. Species of this microorganism grow symbiotically on the roots of certain legumes, such as peas, beans and alfalfa.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A molecule similar to DNA that delivers DNA's genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.

Ribosome

A cellular component, containing protein and RNA, that is involved in protein synthesis.

RNA interference

A natural process used by organisms to block protein production.

               

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