BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Natural active immunity

Immunity that is established after the occurrence of a disease.

Natural killer (NK) cell

A type of leukocyte that attacks cancerous or virus-infected cells without previous exposure to the antigen. NK cell activity is stimulated by interferon.

Natural passive immunity

Immunity conferred by the mother on the fetus or newborn.

Nitrogen fixation

A biological process (usually associated with plants) whereby certain bacteria convert nitrogen in the air to ammonia, thus forming a nutrient essential for plant growth.

Nitrogenous base

See Base.

Noncoding DNA

DNA that does not encode any product (RNA or protein). The majority of the DNA in plants and animals is noncoding.

Nuclease

An enzyme that, by cleaving chemical bonds, breaks down nucleic acids into their constituent nucleotides.

Nucleic acids

Large molecules, generally found in the cell's nucleus and/or cytoplasm, that are made up of nucleotides. The two most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide is composed of sugar, phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose and RNA's sugar is ribose. The sequence of the bases within the nucleic acid determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. See also Base.

Nucleus

The structure within eukaryotic cells that contains chromosomal DNA.

               

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