BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Haploid

A cell with half the usual number of chromosomes, or only one chromosome set. Sex cells are haploid. Compare Diploid.

Hapten

The portion of an antigen that determines its immunological specificity. When coupled to a large protein, a hapten stimulates the formation of antibodies to the two-molecule complex. Also called antigenic determinant.

Hemagglutination

Clumping (agglutination) of red blood cells.

Heredity

Transfer of genetic information from parent cells to progeny.

Histocompatibility

Immunologic similarity of tissues such that grafting can be done without tissue rejection.

Histocompatibility antigen

An antigen that causes the rejection of grafted material from an animal different in genotype from the host animal.

Homeobox

Family of genes that regulate activities of other genes (turns genes on and off).

Homologous

Corresponding or alike in structure, position or origin.

Hormone

A chemical or protein that acts as a messenger or stimulatory signal, relaying instructions to stop or start certain physiological activities. Hormones are synthesized in one type of cell and then released to direct the function of other cell types.

Host

A cell or organism used for growth of a virus, plasmid or other form of foreign DNA, or for the production of cloned substances.

Host-vector system

Combination of DNA-receiving cells (host) and DNA-transporting substance (vector) used for introducing foreign DNA into a cell.

Human Genome Project

An international research effort aimed at discovering the full sequence of bases in the human genome. Led in the United States by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Hybridization

Production of offspring, or hybrids, from genetically dissimilar parents. The process can be used to produce hybrid plants (by crossbreeding two different varieties) or hybridomas (hybrid cells formed by fusing two unlike cells, used in producing monoclonal antibodies). See DNA hybridization.

Hybridoma

The cell produced by fusing two cells of different origin. In monoclonal antibody technology, hybridomas are formed by fusing an immortal cell (one that divides continuously) and an antibody-producing cell. See also Monoclonal antibody; Myeloma.

               

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