BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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Gel electrophoresis

A process for separating molecules by forcing them to migrate through a gel under the influence of an electric field.

Gene

A segment of chromosome. Some genes direct the syntheses of proteins, while others have regulatory functions. See also Operator gene; Structural gene; Suppressor gene.

Gene amplification

The increase, within a cell, of the number of copies of a given gene.

Gene knockout

The replacement of a normal gene with a mutated form of the gene by using homologous recombination. Used to study gene function.

Gene machine

A computerized device for synthesizing genes by combing nucleotides (bases) in the proper order.

Gene mapping

Determination of the relative locations of genes on a chromosome.

Gene sequencing

Determination of the sequence of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA. See also Sequencing.

Gene therapy

The replacement of a defective gene in an organism suffering from a genetic disease. Recombinant DNA techniques are used to isolate the functioning gene and insert it into cells. More than 300 single-gene genetic disorders have been identified in humans. A significant percentage of these may be amenable to gene therapy.

Genetic code

The code by which genetic information in DNA is translated into biological function. A set of three nucleotides (codons), the building blocks of DNA, signifies one amino acid, the building blocks of proteins.

Genetic modification

A number of techniques, such as selective breeding, mutagenesis, transposon insertions and recombinant DNA technology, that are used to alter the genetic material of cells in order to make them capable of producing new substances, performing new functions or blocking the production of substances.

Genetic predisposition

Susceptibility to disease that is related to a genetic predisposition mutation, which may or may not result in actual development of the disease.

Genetic screening

The use of a specific biological test to screen for inherited diseases or medical conditions. Testing can be conducted prenatally to check for metabolic defects and congenital disorders in the developing fetus as well as postnatally to screen for carriers of heritable diseases.

Genetic testing

The analysis of an individual's genetic material. Genetic testing can be used to gather information on an individual's genetic predisposition to a particular health condition, or to confirm a diagnosis of genetic disease.

Genome

The total hereditary material of a cell, comprising the entire chromosomal set found in each nucleus of a given species.

Genomics

The study of genes and their function. Recent advances in genomics are bringing about a revolution in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease, including the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Genomics is also stimulating the discovery of breakthrough health-care products by revealing thousands of new biological targets for the development of drugs and by giving scientists innovative ways to design new drugs, vaccines and DNA diagnostics. Genomic-based therapeutics may include "traditional" small chemical drugs, as well as protein drugs and gene therapy.

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an individual or group. Compare Phenotype.

Germ cell

Reproductive cell (sperm or egg). Also called gamete or sex cell.

Germplasm

The total genetic variability, represented by germ cells or seeds, available to a particular population of organisms.

Glycoprotein

A protein conjugated with a carbohydrate group.

Granulocyte

One of three types of white blood cells. Granulocytes digest bacteria and other parasites.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF)

A natural hormone that stimulates white blood cell production, particularly that of granulocytes and monocytes (the precursors of macrophages).

Growth factors

Naturally occurring proteins that stimulate the growth and reproduction of specific cell types. Growth factors are essential to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Growth hormone

A protein produced by the pituitary gland that is involved in cell growth. Human growth hormone is used clinically to treat dwarfism. Various animal growth hormones can be used to improve milk production as well as produce a leaner variety of meat.

               

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