BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY

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A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T V W X Y

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The molecule that carries the genetic information for most living systems. The DNA molecule consists of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) and a sugar-phosphate backbone, arranged in two connected strands to form a double helix. See also Complementary DNA; Double helix; Recombinant DNA.

Differentiation

The process of biochemical and structural changes by which cells become specialized in form and function.

Diploid

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes. Compare Haploid.

DNA

See Deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA chip

A small piece of glass or silicon that has small pieces of DNA arrayed on its surface.

DNA fingerprinting

The use of restriction enzymes to measure the genetic variation of individuals. This technology is often used as a forensic tool to detect differences or similarities in blood and tissue samples at crime scenes.

DNA hybridization

The formation of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule from two separate strands. The term also applies to a molecular technique that uses one nucleic acid strand to locate another.

DNA library

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that collectively represent the genome of an organism.

DNA polymerase

An enzyme that replicates DNA. DNA polymerase is the basis of PCR—the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA probe

A small piece of nucleic acid that has been labeled with a radioactive isotope, dye or enzyme and is used to locate a particular nucleotide sequence or gene on a DNA molecule.

DNA repair enzymes

Proteins that recognize and repair certain abnormalities in DNA.

DNA sequence

The order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule.

DNA vaccines

Pieces of foreign DNA that are injected into an organism to trigger an immune response.

Double helix

A term often used to describe the configuration of the DNA molecule. The helix consists of two spiraling strands of nucleotides (a sugar, phosphate and base) joined crosswise by specific pairing of the bases. See also Deoxyribonucleic acid; Base; Base pair.

Diagnostic

A product used for the diagnosis of disease or medical condition. Both monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes are useful diagnostic products.

Drug delivery

The process by which a formulated drug is administered to the patient. Traditional routes have been oral or intravenous perfusion. New methods deliver through the skin with a transdermal patch or across the nasal membrane with an aerosol spray.

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